Zero-offset migration |
Consider the zero-offset seismic survey shown in Figure 5.1. This survey uses one source-receiver pair, and the receiver is always at the same location as the source. At each position, denoted by in the figure, the source emits waves and the receiver records the echoes as a single seismic trace. After each trace is recorded, the source-receiver pair is moved a small distance and the experiment is repeated.
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Figure 1. Raypaths and wavefronts for a zero-offset seismic line shot above a dipping reflector. The earth's propagation velocity is constant. | |
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As shown in the figure, the source at emits a spherically-spreading wave that bounces off the reflector and then returns to the receiver at . The raypaths drawn between and are orthogonal to the reflector and hence are called normal rays. These rays reveal how the zero-offset section misrepresents the truth. For example, the trace recorded at is dominated by the reflectivity near reflection point , where the normal ray from hits the reflector. If the zero-offset section corresponding to Figure 5.1 is displayed, the reflectivity at will be falsely displayed as though it were directly beneath , which it certainly is not. This lateral mispositioning is the first part of the illusion. The second part is vertical: if converted to depth, the zero-offset section will show to be deeper than it really is. The reason is that the slant path of the normal ray is longer than a vertical shaft drilled from the surface down to .
Zero-offset migration |