The non-stationary decomposition model for a complex signal is:
where , , , stand for decomposed signal, local amplitude, local phase and residual respectively. can be found by following equation 4 using regularized non-stationary regression (RNR):
and can be found by time integration of the instantaneous frequency following equation 5:
The instantaneous frequency in equation 5 can be determined directly from the phase of different complex roots of the polynomial function (shown in equation 7) following equation 6:
In non-stationary case, the filter coefficients becomes a smoothly varying functions of time (shown in equation 2), which makes the filter shown in equation 7 adapt to non-stationary changes in the input data. The complex roots can be found using a eigenvalue-based algorithm (Fomel, 2013).
The final denoised data can be got by:
The decomposition is similar to empirical mode decomposition (EMD), but differs in that it has a mathematical formulation for controlling the decomposition. Figure 1 gives a comparison between SDRNAR and EMD in decomposing a synthetic signal that has two oscillating frequency components. As can be seen from the demonstration, both SDRNAR and EMD successfully decompose the combined signal into individual monotonic component. The residuals using both methods are very close to zero. Figure 2 shows a comparison between SDRNAR and EMD in decomposing a noise free synthetic seismic trace.
A special property of the proposed approach is that, apart from the denoised data, we can also get other valuable information from the data, such as the instantaneous frequency and amplitude of the instantaneous frequency of the th component. The spectral information can be valuable in interpretation jobs like identifying the oil&gas traps, which has already been shown by Fomel (2013).
sig,sig1,sigemd1,sig2,sigemd2,cresid,sigemd3
Figure 1. Signal Separation using SDRNAR and EMD. (a) Original signal. (b) Frequency component 1 using SDRNAR. (c) Frequency component 1 using EMD. (d) Frequency component 2 using SDRNAR. (d) Frequency component 2 using EMD. (f) Residual using SDRNAR. (g) Residual using EMD. |
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trace-sig,trace-sign1,trace-sigemd4,trace-sign2,trace-sigemd3,trace-sign3,trace-sigemd2
Figure 2. Trace decomposition using SDRNAR and EMD. (a) Original noise free seismic trace. (b) First component using SDRNAR. (c) First component using EMD. (d) Second component using SDRNAR. (e) Second component using EMD. (f) Third component using SDRNAR. |
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